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Reproduction
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Boppre, M. 1993. The American monarch: courtship and chemical communication of a peculiar Danaine butterfly. In Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly , ed. S. B. Malcolm, M. P. Zalucki. pp. 29-41. Science Series. Vol. 38. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, chemical communication]
Brower, L. P. 1961. Studies on the migration of the monarch butterfly. 1. Breeding populations of Danaus plexippus and D. gilippus berenice in south central Florida. Ecol., Brooklyn, N.Y. 42:76-83
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Brower, L. P., Jones, M. A. 1965. Precourtship interaction of wing and abdominal glands in male Danaus butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London 40:147-151, 2 pls.
Burns, J. M. 1968. Mating frequency in natural population of skippers and spermatophore butterflies as determined by spermatophore counts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 61:852-859
Cohen, J. A., Brower, L. P. 1982. Oviposition and larval success of wild monarch butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in relation to host plant size and cardenolide concentration. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 55:343-348 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, physiology, survivorship, cardenolides, cardiac glycosides]
Condron, B. 1974. Observations on the pairing of Danaus plexippus, the Wanderer or Monarch butterfly. Victorian Entomologist 4:37
Conner, W. E., Eisner, T., Vander Meer, R. K., Guerrero, A., Meinwald, J. 1981. Precopulatory sexual interaction in an arctiid moth (Utetheisa ornatrix): Role of a pheromone derived from dietary alkaloids. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (Berlin) 9:227-235 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, chemical communication, PA, pheromones]
Dennis, R. L. H. 1985. Egg-keel number in the small tortoiseshell butterfly. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 97:162-164
Drummond, B. A. 1984. Multiple mating and sperm competition in the Lepidoptera. In Sperm competetion and the evolution of animal mating system , ed. R. L. Smith. pp. 291-370. Orlando, FL: Academic Press
Dussourd, D. E., Ubik, K., Harvis, C., Resch, J., Meinwald, J., Eisner, T. 1988. Biparental defensive endowment of eggs with acquired plant alkaloid in the moth Utetheisa ornatrix. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 85:5992-5996 [Keywords: chemical defense, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs, cardiac glycosides, predation, mating behavior, pheromone]
Dussourd, D. E., Ubik, K., Resch, J. F., Meinwald, J., Eisner, T. 1984. Egg protection by parental investment of plant alkaloids in Lepidoptera. XVII Internt'l. Congr. Ent., Hamburg :840
Eanes, W. F., Koehn, R. K. 1978. An analysis of genetic structure in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. Evolution 32:784-797 [Keywords: genetic structure, population structure, mating patterns]
Ehrlich, A. H., Ehrlich, P. R. 1978. Reproductive strategies in the butterflies: I. Mating frequency, plugging, and egg number. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 51:666-697
Eisner, T., Meinwald, J. 1987. Alkaloid-derived pheromones and sexual selection in Lepidoptera. In Pheromone biochemistry , ed. G. D. Prestwich, G. J. Blomquist. pp. 251-269. Orlando, Florida: Academic Press
Etchegaray, J. B., Nishida, T. 1975. Reproductive activity, seasonal abundance and parasitism of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 22:33-39 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, abundance, parasitism]
Ferguson, D. C., Hilburn, D. J., Wright, B. 1991. The lepidoptera of Bermuda: their food plants, biogeography, and means of dispersal. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 158:3-8, 67-84 [Keywords: feeding, distribution, biogeography, dispersal]
Freiling, H. H. 1909. Duftorgane der weiblichen Schmetterlinge nebst Beitragen zur Kenntnis der Sinnesorgane auf dem Schmetterlingsflugel und der Duftpinsel der Mannchen von Danais und Euploea. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zool. (Leipzig) 92:210-290, 6 pls.
Frey, D. F., Leong, K. L. H. 1995. Reply to Nylin, Wickman & Wiklund regarding sex ratios of California overwintering monarch butterflies. Animal Behaviour 49:515-518 [Keywords: ecology, overwintering, sex ratio, reproduction]
Gossard, T., Jones, R. 1977. The effects of age and weather on egg-laying in Pieris rapae L. Journal of Animal Ecology 14:65-71
Gwynne, D. T. 1984. Male mating effort, confidence of paternity, and insect sperm competition. In Sperm competition and the evolution of animal mating systems, ed. R. L. Smith, 117-149, Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Haribal, M., Renwick, J. A. A. 1996. Oviposition stimulants for the monarch butterfly: Flavonol glycosides from Asclepias curassavica. Phytochemistry 41:139-144 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, oviposition, flavonoid glycosides]
Herman, W. S., Barker, J. F. 1977. Effect of mating on monarch butterfly oogenesis. Experientia (Basel) 33:688-689 [Keywords: behavior, physiology, mating, juvenile hormone]
Herman, W. S., Bennett, D. C. 1975. Regulation of oogenesis, female specific protein production, and male and female reproductive gland development by juvenile hormone in the butterfly, Nymphalis antiopa. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 99:331-338
Herman, W. S., Brower, L. P., Calvert, W. H. 1989. Reproductive tract development in monarch butterflies overwintering in California and Mexico. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 43:50-58 [Keywords: physiology, reproduction, overwintering, diapause, California, Mexico]
Herman, W. S., Lessman, C. A., Johnson, G. D. 1981. Correlation of juvenile hormone titer changes with reproductive tract development in the posteclosion monarch butterfly. J. Exp. Zool., Philadelphia 218:387-395 [Keywords: physiology, reproduction, juvenile hormone]
Herman, W. S., Peng, P. 1976. Juvenile hormone stimulation of sperm activator production in male monarch butterflies. Journal of Insect Physiology 22:579-581 [Keywords: physiology, reproduction, juvenile hormone, sperm]
Hill, H. F., Wenner, A. M., Wells, P. H. 1976. Reproductive behavior in an overwintering aggregation of monarch butterflies. American Midland Naturalist 95:10-19
James, D. G. 1981. Studies on a winter breeding population of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) at Spencer, New South Wales. General and Applied Entomology (Sydney) 13:47-53
James, D. G. 1983. Induction of reproductive dormancy in Australian monarch butterflies. Australian Journal of Zoology (Melbourne) 31:491-498 [Keywords: physiology, behavior, reproduction, dormancy, weather, Australia]
James, D. G. 1984. Phenology of weight, moisture, and energy reserves of Australian monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus. Ecological Entomology 9:421-428 [Keywords: physiology, overwintering, reproduction, non-reproductive, weights, moisture, lipid, protein]
James, D. G. 1988. Migration and behavior of non-reproductive Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales. Australian Entomological Magazine 15:50-55
Jones, R. E. R., J. 1987. Reproductive seasonality in the tropical genus Eurema (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Biotropica (Lawrence) 19:7-16
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Kitching, R. L., Zalucki, M. P. 1983. A cautionary note on the use of oviposition records as larval food-plant records. Australian Entomological Magazine 10:64-66
Knowlton, N. 1979. Reproductive synchrony, parental investment and evolutionary dynamics of sexual selection. Animal Behaviour 27:1022-1033
Komae, H., Nishi, A., Hayashi, N., Wesou, C., Kuwahara, Y. 1983. Components of the sex brand secretions of some danaid butterflies. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 47:157-158
Lederhouse, R. C. 1981. The effect of female frequency on egg fertility in the black swallowtail, Papilio polyxenes asterius (Papilionidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 35:266-277
Leong, K. L. H. 1995. Initiation of mating activity at the tree canopy level among overwintering monarch butterflies in California. Pan-pacific entomologist 71:66-68 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, mating, overwintering, California]
Leong, K. L. H., Frey, D., Hamaoka, D. 1993. Wing damage in overwintering populations of monarch butterfly at two California sites. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 86:728-733 [Keywords: anatomy, overwintering, California, mating, reproduction]
Leong, K. L. H., O'Brien, E., Colleran, M. 1995. Mating activity and status of overwintering monarch butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in central California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 88:45-50 [Keywords: behavior, physiology, reproduction, mating, spermatophore]
Mackay, D. A., Singer, M. C. 1982. The basis of an apparent preference for isolated host plants by ovipositing Euptychia libye butterflies. Ecological Entomology 7:299-303
Malcolm, S. B., Brower, L. P. 1986. Selective oviposition by monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) in a mixed stand of Asclepias curassavica L. and A. incarnata L. in south Florida. J. Lepid. Soc. 40:255-263 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, oviposition, Asclepias, Florida, cardenolides]
Malcolm, S. B., Cockrell, B. J., Brower, L. P. 1987. Monarch butterfly voltinism: Effects of temperature constraints at different latitudes. Oikos (Copenhagen) 49:77-82 [Keywords: physiology, reproduction, development]
Marshall, H. D. 1985. Protein and lipid composition of Colias philodice and C. eurytheme spermatophores and their changes over time (Pieridae). Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 24:21-30
Marshall, L. D. 1982. Male nutrient investment in the Lepidoptera: What nutrients should males invest? American Naturalist 120:273-279
Marshall, L. D. 1988. Small male advantage in mating in Parapediasia teterrella and Agriphila plumbifimbriella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). American Midland Naturalist 119:412-419
Miller, L. D., Clench, H. K. 1968. Some aspects of mating behavior in butterflies. J. Lepid. Soc. 22:125-132
Myers, J. 1972. Pheromones and courtship behaviour in butterflies. American Zoologist 12:545-551
Myers, J., Brower, L. P. 1969. A behavioural analysis of the courtship pheromone receptors of the queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus berenice. Journal of Insect Physiology 15:2117-2130
Neck, R. W. 1976. Nocturnal activity of a Monarch butterfly (Danaidae). J. Lepid. Soc, Cambridge, Mass. 30:235-236
Oberhauser, K. S. 1988. Male monarch butterfly spermatophore mass and mating strategies. Animal Behaviour 36:1384-1388 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, mating, spermatophore]
Oberhauser, K. S. 1989. Effects of spermatophores on male and female monarch butterfly reproductive success. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (Berlin) 25:237-246 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, mating, spermatophore, fecundity]
Oberhauser, K. S. 1989. Material investment in mating by male monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus). . pp. 121. St. Paul: Univ. of Minn.
Oberhauser, K. S. 1992. Rate of ejaculate breakdown and intermating intervals in monarch butterflies. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (Berlin) 31:367-373 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, mating, physiology, spermatophore]
Oberhauser, K. S. 1996. Fecundity, lifespan and egg mass in butterflies: effects of male-derived nutrients and female size. in review:in review [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, mating, paternal investment]
Oberhauser, K. S., Hampton, R. 1995. The relationship between mating and oogenesis in monarch butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danainae). Journal of Insect Behavior 8:701-713 [Keywords: behavior, physiology, reproduction, mating]
Oberhauser, K. S., Hampton, R., Jenson, B., Weisberg, S. 1996. Variation in sperm precedence patterns in monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus): effects of male size, mating history, and time. in review [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, mating, sperm competition]
Oyeyele, S. O., Zalucki, M. P. 1990. Cardiac glycosides and oviposition by Danaus plexippus on Asclepias fruticosa in south-east Queensland (Australia), with notes on the effect of plant nitrogen content. Ecological Entomology 15:177-185 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, oviposition, Asclepias, cardiac glycosides, cardenolides, Australia]
Parker, G. A. 1983. Mate quality and mating decisions. In Mate choice , ed. P. Bateson. pp. 141-166. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Pliske, T. E. 1973. Factors determining mating frequencies in some New World butterflies and skippers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 66:164-169
Pliske, T. E. 1975. Courtship behaviour and use of chemical communication by males of certain Ithomiine butterflies (Nymphalidae-Lepidoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 68:935-942
Pliske, T. E. 1975. Courtship behaviour of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 68:143-151
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Rutowski, R. L., Gilchrist, G. W., Terkanian, B. 1987. Female butterflies mated with recently mated males show reduced reproductive output. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (Berlin) 20:319-322 [Keywords: reproduction, physiology, male contribution]
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